diff --git a/src/devices/cpu/tms1000/tms0270.h b/src/devices/cpu/tms1000/tms0270.h
index 45c231a950a..13d91a8a05a 100644
--- a/src/devices/cpu/tms1000/tms0270.h
+++ b/src/devices/cpu/tms1000/tms0270.h
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ protected:
 
 private:
 	// state specific to interface with TMS5100
-	u16  m_r_prev;
+	u32  m_r_prev;
 	u8   m_chipsel;
 	u8   m_ctl_out;
 	u8   m_ctl_dir;
diff --git a/src/devices/cpu/tms1000/tms1k_base.cpp b/src/devices/cpu/tms1000/tms1k_base.cpp
index 91c0e545a69..8bdae2fbb02 100644
--- a/src/devices/cpu/tms1000/tms1k_base.cpp
+++ b/src/devices/cpu/tms1000/tms1k_base.cpp
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ void tms1k_base_device::op_clo()
 void tms1k_base_device::op_ldx()
 {
 	// LDX: load X register with (x_bits) constant
-	m_x = m_c4 >> (4-m_x_bits);
+	m_x = m_c4 >> (4 - m_x_bits);
 }
 
 void tms1k_base_device::op_comx()
diff --git a/src/devices/cpu/tms1000/tms1k_base.h b/src/devices/cpu/tms1000/tms1k_base.h
index a29aef0594b..e249e02b8f0 100644
--- a/src/devices/cpu/tms1000/tms1k_base.h
+++ b/src/devices/cpu/tms1000/tms1k_base.h
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ protected:
 	u8 m_ca;        // chapter address register
 	u8 m_cb;        // chapter buffer register
 	u16 m_cs;       // chapter subroutine register(s)
-	u16 m_r;
+	u32 m_r;
 	u16 m_o;
 	u8 m_cki_bus;
 	u8 m_c4;
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ protected:
 	const u16 *m_output_pla_table;
 	devcb_read8 m_read_k;
 	devcb_write16 m_write_o;
-	devcb_write16 m_write_r;
+	devcb_write32 m_write_r;
 	devcb_write_line m_power_off;
 	devcb_read8 m_read_ctl;
 	devcb_write8 m_write_ctl;
diff --git a/src/mame/entex/sag.cpp b/src/mame/entex/sag.cpp
index b6c3110d4f3..5f42cd91259 100644
--- a/src/mame/entex/sag.cpp
+++ b/src/mame/entex/sag.cpp
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ private:
 	void hmcs40_write_d(u16 data);
 	u16 hmcs40_read_d();
 
-	void tms1k_write_r(u16 data);
+	void tms1k_write_r(u32 data);
 	void tms1k_write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 tms1k_read_k();
 };
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ u16 sag_state::hmcs40_read_d()
 
 // cartridge type 2: TMS1670
 
-void sag_state::tms1k_write_r(u16 data)
+void sag_state::tms1k_write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0: speaker out
 	speaker_w(data & 1);
diff --git a/src/mame/handheld/hh_tms1k.cpp b/src/mame/handheld/hh_tms1k.cpp
index 5560b19162d..e820ba44849 100644
--- a/src/mame/handheld/hh_tms1k.cpp
+++ b/src/mame/handheld/hh_tms1k.cpp
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ void matchnum_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void matchnum_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void matchnum_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R3-R5,R8-R10: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = (data >> 3 & 7) | (data >> 5 & 0x38);
@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -607,7 +607,7 @@ void arrball_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void arrball_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void arrball_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R8: input mux (always set)
 	m_inp_mux = data >> 8 & 1;
@@ -717,7 +717,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -729,7 +729,7 @@ void mathmagi_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void mathmagi_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void mathmagi_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R3,R5-R7,R9,R10: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = (data >> 3 & 1) | (data >> 4 & 0xe) | (data >> 5 & 0x30);
@@ -881,7 +881,7 @@ protected:
 	virtual void machine_start() override;
 
 private:
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 
@@ -900,7 +900,7 @@ void bcheetah_state::machine_start()
 
 // handlers
 
-void bcheetah_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void bcheetah_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R4: input mux
 	// R5,R6: tied to K4??
@@ -1004,7 +1004,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -1016,7 +1016,7 @@ void tc7atc_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void tc7atc_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void tc7atc_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R5: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(BIT(data, 5));
@@ -1135,7 +1135,7 @@ public:
 private:
 	void update_display();
 	void write_o(u16 data);
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
@@ -1146,7 +1146,7 @@ void palmf31_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void palmf31_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void palmf31_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R8: select digit, input mux
 	m_r = m_inp_mux = data;
@@ -1301,7 +1301,7 @@ public:
 private:
 	void update_display();
 	void write_o(u16 data);
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
@@ -1318,7 +1318,7 @@ void palmmd8_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix((sel & mask) | m, m_o);
 }
 
-void palmmd8_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void palmmd8_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R10: input mux, select digit
 	m_r = m_inp_mux = data;
@@ -1468,7 +1468,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -1480,7 +1480,7 @@ void amaztron_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void amaztron_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void amaztron_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R5: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = data & 0x3f;
@@ -1613,7 +1613,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -1625,7 +1625,7 @@ void zodiac_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void zodiac_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void zodiac_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R10: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data >> 10 & 1);
@@ -1773,7 +1773,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -1790,7 +1790,7 @@ void cqback_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r & 0x1ff, seg);
 }
 
-void cqback_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void cqback_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R10: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data >> 10 & 1);
@@ -1903,7 +1903,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -1915,7 +1915,7 @@ void h2hfootb_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r & 0x1ff, m_o | (m_r >> 1 & 0x100));
 }
 
-void h2hfootb_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void h2hfootb_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R10: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data >> 10 & 1);
@@ -2043,7 +2043,7 @@ private:
 	attotime m_cap_charge = attotime::zero;
 
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -2075,7 +2075,7 @@ void h2hbaskb_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(sel, m_o);
 }
 
-void h2hbaskb_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void h2hbaskb_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R3: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = (data & 0xf);
@@ -2240,7 +2240,7 @@ protected:
 private:
 	void set_clock();
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -2265,7 +2265,7 @@ void h2hbaseb_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix((m_r & 0xff) | (m_r >> 1 & 0x100), (m_r & 0x100) | m_o);
 }
 
-void h2hbaseb_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void h2hbaseb_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R10: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data >> 10 & 1);
@@ -2380,7 +2380,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -2392,7 +2392,7 @@ void h2hboxing_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void h2hboxing_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void h2hboxing_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R4: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = data & 0x1f;
@@ -2528,7 +2528,7 @@ private:
 	u16 m_pinout = 0x07; // cartridge R pins
 
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -2571,7 +2571,7 @@ void quizwizc_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r | 0x400, m_o);
 }
 
-void quizwizc_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void quizwizc_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R10: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data >> 10 & 1);
@@ -2723,7 +2723,7 @@ private:
 	u8 m_pinout = 0xf; // cartridge K pins
 
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -2759,7 +2759,7 @@ void tc4_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, (m_o | (m_r << 2 & 0x100)));
 }
 
-void tc4_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void tc4_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R10: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data >> 10 & 1);
@@ -2894,7 +2894,7 @@ public:
 protected:
 	void update_display();
 	virtual void write_o(u16 data);
-	virtual void write_r(u16 data);
+	virtual void write_r(u32 data);
 	virtual u8 read_k();
 };
 
@@ -2905,7 +2905,7 @@ void mrmusical_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void mrmusical_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void mrmusical_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R10: speaker out (there's a speaker off-on switch)
 	m_speaker->level_w(m_inputs[6]->read() & BIT(data, 10));
@@ -3036,7 +3036,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -3048,7 +3048,7 @@ void cnbaskb_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r & 0x1fc, m_o);
 }
 
-void cnbaskb_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void cnbaskb_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R9: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data >> 9 & 1);
@@ -3163,7 +3163,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -3175,7 +3175,7 @@ void cmsport_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r & ~0x80, m_o);
 }
 
-void cmsport_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void cmsport_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R7: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data >> 7 & 1);
@@ -3298,7 +3298,7 @@ private:
 	void ds8874_output_w(u16 data);
 
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -3316,7 +3316,7 @@ void cnfball_state::ds8874_output_w(u16 data)
 	update_display();
 }
 
-void cnfball_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void cnfball_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R5,R8: N/C
 	// R6,R7: speaker out
@@ -3433,7 +3433,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -3450,7 +3450,7 @@ void cnfball2_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r >> 2 & 0x1ff, seg);
 }
 
-void cnfball2_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void cnfball2_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data & 1);
@@ -3567,7 +3567,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -3579,7 +3579,7 @@ void eleciq_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r & ~1, m_o);
 }
 
-void eleciq_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void eleciq_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data & 1);
@@ -3710,14 +3710,14 @@ public:
 	void qfire(machine_config &config);
 
 private:
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void qfire_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void qfire_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R1,R2,R5: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = (data >> 1 & 3) | (data >> 3 & 4);
@@ -3827,7 +3827,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -3839,7 +3839,7 @@ void esoccer_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void esoccer_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void esoccer_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R2: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = data & 7;
@@ -3967,7 +3967,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -3979,7 +3979,7 @@ void ebball_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, ~m_o);
 }
 
-void ebball_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void ebball_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R1-R5: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = data >> 1 & 0x1f;
@@ -4112,7 +4112,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -4124,7 +4124,7 @@ void ebball2_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r ^ 0x7f, ~m_o);
 }
 
-void ebball2_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void ebball2_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R3-R6: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = data >> 3 & 0xf;
@@ -4261,7 +4261,7 @@ protected:
 private:
 	void set_clock();
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -4292,7 +4292,7 @@ void ebball3_state::update_display()
 	m_display->write_row(11, ((m_display->read_row(4) & 0x10) | (m_display->read_row(7) & 0x01)) << 1);
 }
 
-void ebball3_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void ebball3_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R2: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = data & 7;
@@ -4431,7 +4431,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -4443,7 +4443,7 @@ void esbattle_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void esbattle_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void esbattle_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0,R1: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = data & 3;
@@ -4542,7 +4542,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -4554,7 +4554,7 @@ void blastit_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r >> 1, m_o);
 }
 
-void blastit_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void blastit_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R3: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = data >> 3 & 1;
@@ -4657,7 +4657,7 @@ protected:
 private:
 	void set_clock();
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 };
 
@@ -4682,7 +4682,7 @@ void einvader_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void einvader_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void einvader_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R10: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data >> 10 & 1);
@@ -4777,7 +4777,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -4789,7 +4789,7 @@ void efootb4_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void efootb4_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void efootb4_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R4: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = data & 0x1f;
@@ -4927,7 +4927,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -4939,7 +4939,7 @@ void ebaskb2_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void ebaskb2_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void ebaskb2_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R10: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data >> 10 & 1);
@@ -5079,7 +5079,7 @@ protected:
 private:
 	void set_clock();
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -5108,7 +5108,7 @@ void raisedvl_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void raisedvl_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void raisedvl_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R10: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data >> 10 & 1);
@@ -5235,7 +5235,7 @@ private:
 	required_device<timer_device> m_speed_timer;
 
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 
@@ -5266,7 +5266,7 @@ void mmarvin_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, (m_o << 1 & 0x100) | (m_r & 0x80) | digit);
 }
 
-void mmarvin_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void mmarvin_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R2-R5: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = data >> 2 & 0xf;
@@ -5415,7 +5415,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -5427,7 +5427,7 @@ void f2pbball_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void f2pbball_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void f2pbball_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R4,R9,R10: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = (data >> 4 & 1) | (data >> 8 & 6);
@@ -5546,7 +5546,7 @@ protected:
 private:
 	void set_clock();
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -5570,7 +5570,7 @@ void f3in1_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r & ~0x20, m_o);
 }
 
-void f3in1_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void f3in1_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R2,R4: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = (data & 7) | (data >> 1 & 8);
@@ -5692,7 +5692,7 @@ protected:
 	required_device<beep_device> m_beeper;
 
 	void update_display();
-	virtual void write_r(u16 data);
+	virtual void write_r(u32 data);
 	virtual void write_o(u16 data);
 	virtual u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -5705,7 +5705,7 @@ void gpoker_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r & 0x7ff, segs | (m_r >> 3 & 0xf00));
 }
 
-void gpoker_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void gpoker_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R15: enable beeper
 	m_beeper->set_state(data >> 15 & 1);
@@ -5843,12 +5843,12 @@ public:
 	void gjackpot(machine_config &config);
 
 private:
-	virtual void write_r(u16 data) override;
+	virtual void write_r(u32 data) override;
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void gjackpot_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void gjackpot_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// same as gpoker, only input mux msb is R10 instead of R6
 	gpoker_state::write_r(data);
@@ -5972,7 +5972,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	virtual void write_r(u16 data);
+	virtual void write_r(u32 data);
 	virtual void write_o(u16 data);
 	virtual u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -5984,7 +5984,7 @@ void ginv_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_grid, m_plate);
 }
 
-void ginv_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void ginv_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R9,R10: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = data >> 9 & 3;
@@ -6098,7 +6098,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	virtual void write_r(u16 data);
+	virtual void write_r(u32 data);
 	virtual void write_o(u16 data);
 	virtual u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -6112,7 +6112,7 @@ void ginv1000_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(grid, plate);
 }
 
-void ginv1000_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void ginv1000_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data & 1);
@@ -6229,7 +6229,7 @@ private:
 	void expander_w(offs_t offset, u8 data);
 
 	void update_display();
-	virtual void write_r(u16 data);
+	virtual void write_r(u32 data);
 	virtual void write_o(u16 data);
 	virtual u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -6249,7 +6249,7 @@ void ginv2000_state::expander_w(offs_t offset, u8 data)
 	update_display();
 }
 
-void ginv2000_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void ginv2000_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data & 1);
@@ -6373,7 +6373,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -6389,7 +6389,7 @@ void fxmcr165_state::update_display()
 	m_display->write_row(1, m_r >> 4 & 0x7f);
 }
 
-void fxmcr165_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void fxmcr165_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R3: input mux low
 	m_inp_mux = (m_inp_mux & 0x10) | (data & 0xf);
@@ -6520,14 +6520,14 @@ public:
 	void elecdet(machine_config &config);
 
 private:
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void elecdet_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void elecdet_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R7,R8(tied together): speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w((m_o & 0x80) ? population_count_32(data >> 7 & 3) : 0);
@@ -6666,7 +6666,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -6678,7 +6678,7 @@ void starwbc_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void starwbc_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void starwbc_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0,R1,R3,R5,R7: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = (data & 3) | (data >> 1 & 4) | (data >> 2 & 8) | (data >> 3 & 0x10);
@@ -6821,7 +6821,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -6835,7 +6835,7 @@ void liveafb_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(d | l << 6 | BIT(m_r, 6) << 10 | BIT(m_r, 8, 3) << 11, m_o | (m_r << 4 & 0x300));
 }
 
-void liveafb_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void liveafb_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R3: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = data & 0xf;
@@ -6964,7 +6964,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -6976,7 +6976,7 @@ void astro_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void astro_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void astro_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R7: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = data & 0xff;
@@ -7118,7 +7118,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -7142,7 +7142,7 @@ void elecbowl_state::update_display()
 	m_display->write_row(4, m_display->read_element(6, 7) ? 6 : 0);
 }
 
-void elecbowl_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void elecbowl_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R5-R7,R10: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = (data >> 5 & 7) | (data >> 7 & 8);
@@ -7278,7 +7278,7 @@ private:
 	required_device<hlcd0569_device> m_lcd;
 
 	void lcd_output_w(offs_t offset, u32 data);
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
@@ -7298,7 +7298,7 @@ void horseran_state::lcd_output_w(offs_t offset, u32 data)
 		m_display->write_row(3 + (offset << 1 | i), bitswap<8>(data >> (4+8*i),7,3,5,2,0,1,4,6) & 0x7f);
 }
 
-void horseran_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void horseran_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0: HLCD0569 clock
 	// R1: HLCD0569 data in
@@ -7435,14 +7435,14 @@ public:
 	void mdndclab(machine_config &config);
 
 private:
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void mdndclab_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void mdndclab_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R10: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data >> 10 & 1);
@@ -7635,14 +7635,14 @@ public:
 	void comp4(machine_config &config);
 
 private:
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void comp4_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void comp4_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// leds:
 	// R4    R9
@@ -7757,14 +7757,14 @@ public:
 	void bship(machine_config &config);
 
 private:
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void bship_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void bship_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R10: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = data;
@@ -7917,14 +7917,14 @@ public:
 private:
 	required_device<sn76477_device> m_sn;
 
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void bshipb_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void bshipb_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R10: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = data;
@@ -8051,13 +8051,13 @@ public:
 	void simon(machine_config &config);
 
 private:
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void simon_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void simon_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R4-R8 go through an 75494 IC first:
 	// R4 -> 75494 IN6 -> green lamp
@@ -8187,7 +8187,7 @@ protected:
 
 private:
 	void set_clock();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
@@ -8209,7 +8209,7 @@ void ssimon_state::set_clock()
 	m_maincpu->set_unscaled_clock((inp & 2) ? 400000 : ((inp & 1) ? 275000 : 200000));
 }
 
-void ssimon_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void ssimon_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R3,R9,R10: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = (data & 0xf) | (data >> 5 & 0x30);
@@ -8355,7 +8355,7 @@ protected:
 
 private:
 	void update_speaker();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 
@@ -8405,7 +8405,7 @@ void bigtrak_state::update_speaker()
 	m_speaker->level_w(population_count_32(data));
 }
 
-void bigtrak_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void bigtrak_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R5,R8: input mux (keypad, ext in enable)
 	m_inp_mux = (data & 0x3f) | (data >> 2 & 0x40);
@@ -8591,7 +8591,7 @@ private:
 
 	TIMER_DEVICE_CALLBACK_MEMBER(motor_sim_tick);
 
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -8673,7 +8673,7 @@ void mbdtower_state::update_display()
 	}
 }
 
-void mbdtower_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void mbdtower_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R2: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = data & 7;
@@ -8808,14 +8808,14 @@ public:
 	void arcmania(machine_config &config);
 
 private:
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void arcmania_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void arcmania_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R1-R9: leds
 	m_display->matrix(1, data >> 1);
@@ -8934,14 +8934,14 @@ public:
 	void cnsector(machine_config &config);
 
 private:
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void cnsector_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void cnsector_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R5: select digit
 	// R6-R9: direction leds
@@ -9078,14 +9078,14 @@ public:
 	void merlin(machine_config &config);
 
 protected:
-	virtual void write_r(u16 data);
+	virtual void write_r(u32 data);
 	virtual void write_o(u16 data);
 	virtual u8 read_k();
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void merlin_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void merlin_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	/* leds:
 
@@ -9272,14 +9272,14 @@ public:
 	void pbmastm(machine_config &config);
 
 private:
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void pbmastm_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void pbmastm_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R1-R10: leds (direct)
 	m_display->matrix(1, data >> 1);
@@ -9391,14 +9391,14 @@ public:
 	void stopthief(machine_config &config);
 
 private:
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void stopthief_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void stopthief_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R2: select digit
 	m_display->matrix(data & 7, bitswap<8>(m_o,3,5,2,1,4,0,6,7) & 0x7f);
@@ -9544,7 +9544,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -9556,7 +9556,7 @@ void bankshot_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r & ~3, m_o);
 }
 
-void bankshot_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void bankshot_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data & 1);
@@ -9688,7 +9688,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -9700,7 +9700,7 @@ void splitsec_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void splitsec_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void splitsec_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R8: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data >> 8 & 1);
@@ -9798,14 +9798,14 @@ public:
 	void lostreas(machine_config &config);
 
 private:
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void lostreas_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void lostreas_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R10: leds
 	m_display->matrix(1, data);
@@ -9938,14 +9938,14 @@ public:
 	void alphie(machine_config &config);
 
 private:
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void alphie_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void alphie_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R1-R5, input mux (using d5 for Vss)
 	m_inp_mux = (data >> 1 & 0x1f) | 0x20;
@@ -10075,7 +10075,7 @@ public:
 
 protected:
 	void update_display();
-	virtual void write_r(u16 data);
+	virtual void write_r(u32 data);
 	virtual void write_o(u16 data);
 	virtual u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -10091,7 +10091,7 @@ void tcfball_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(sel, m_o);
 }
 
-void tcfball_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void tcfball_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R10: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data >> 10 & 1);
@@ -10283,7 +10283,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -10295,7 +10295,7 @@ void tandy12_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(1, (m_o << 1 & 0x1fe) | (m_r << 9 & 0x1e00));
 }
 
-void tandy12_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void tandy12_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R10: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data >> 10 & 1);
@@ -10450,14 +10450,14 @@ public:
 	void monkeysee(machine_config &config);
 
 private:
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void monkeysee_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void monkeysee_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R4: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = data & 0x1f;
@@ -10576,7 +10576,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -10588,7 +10588,7 @@ void t3in1sa_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o | (m_r << 6 & 0x100));
 }
 
-void t3in1sa_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void t3in1sa_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R10: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data >> 10 & 1);
@@ -10741,7 +10741,7 @@ private:
 	required_device<s14001a_device> m_speech;
 
 	void update_display();
-	virtual void write_r(u16 data);
+	virtual void write_r(u32 data);
 	virtual void write_o(u16 data);
 	virtual u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -10753,7 +10753,7 @@ void speechp_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void speechp_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void speechp_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R5-R9: TSI C0-C5
 	m_speech->data_w(data >> 5 & 0x3f);
@@ -10905,7 +10905,7 @@ public:
 private:
 	void update_display();
 	void write_o(u16 data);
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
@@ -10921,7 +10921,7 @@ void tisr16_state::update_display()
 	m_display->write_row(10, r10 & 0x40);
 }
 
-void tisr16_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void tisr16_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R10: input mux, select digit
 	m_r = m_inp_mux = data;
@@ -11158,13 +11158,13 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void write_o(u16 data);
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void ti1250_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void ti1250_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R8: select digit
 	m_display->matrix(data, m_o);
@@ -11341,7 +11341,7 @@ public:
 private:
 	void update_display();
 	void write_o(u16 data);
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
@@ -11352,7 +11352,7 @@ void ti25503_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void ti25503_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void ti25503_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R6: input mux
 	// R0-R8: select digit
@@ -11475,7 +11475,7 @@ public:
 private:
 	void update_display();
 	void write_o(u16 data);
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
@@ -11487,7 +11487,7 @@ void ti5100_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, (m_r >> 2 & 0x100) | m_o);
 }
 
-void ti5100_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void ti5100_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R10: input mux, select digit
 	m_r = m_inp_mux = data;
@@ -11635,13 +11635,13 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void write_o(u16 data);
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void ti30_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void ti30_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R8: select digit
 	m_display->matrix(data, m_o);
@@ -11929,13 +11929,13 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void write_o(u16 data);
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void ti1000_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void ti1000_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R7: select digit
 	m_display->matrix(data, m_o);
@@ -12045,13 +12045,13 @@ public:
 
 protected:
 	virtual void write_o(u16 data);
-	virtual void write_r(u16 data);
+	virtual void write_r(u32 data);
 	virtual u8 read_k();
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void wizatron_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void wizatron_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R8: select digit
 
@@ -12254,13 +12254,13 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void write_o(u16 data);
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void lilprof78_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void lilprof78_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// update leds state
 	u8 seg = bitswap<8>(m_o,7,4,3,2,1,0,6,5) & 0x7f;
@@ -12387,7 +12387,7 @@ private:
 
 	virtual void update_display();
 	virtual void write_o(u16 data);
-	virtual void write_r(u16 data);
+	virtual void write_r(u32 data);
 	virtual u8 read_k();
 };
 
@@ -12399,7 +12399,7 @@ void ti1680_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r & 0x1ff, m_o | (m_r >> 2 & 0x80) | (m_r << 5 & 0x100));
 }
 
-void ti1680_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void ti1680_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R8,R0,R5,R6: TMC0999 data inputs
 	// R2,R4+R1/R7: TMC0999 control pins
@@ -12527,7 +12527,7 @@ public:
 protected:
 	virtual void update_display();
 	virtual void write_o(u16 data);
-	virtual void write_r(u16 data);
+	virtual void write_r(u32 data);
 	virtual u8 read_k();
 };
 
@@ -12539,7 +12539,7 @@ void dataman_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r & 0x1ff, m_o | (m_r >> 2 & 0x80));
 }
 
-void dataman_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void dataman_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R4: input mux
 	// R0-R8: select digit
@@ -12657,12 +12657,12 @@ public:
 	void mathmarv(machine_config &config);
 
 private:
-	virtual void write_r(u16 data) override;
+	virtual void write_r(u32 data) override;
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void mathmarv_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void mathmarv_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R8: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data >> 8 & 1);
@@ -12746,14 +12746,14 @@ public:
 	void timaze(machine_config &config);
 
 private:
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void timaze_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void timaze_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = data & 1;
@@ -12838,14 +12838,14 @@ public:
 private:
 	required_device<clock_device> m_60hz;
 
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void tithermos_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void tithermos_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// D1-D4: select digit
 	m_display->matrix(data, m_o);
@@ -13000,7 +13000,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 };
 
@@ -13011,7 +13011,7 @@ void subwars_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void subwars_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void subwars_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R3: digit select
 	// R4-R12: led select
@@ -13111,7 +13111,7 @@ private:
 	u8 m_notch = 0; // cartridge K1/K2
 
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -13146,7 +13146,7 @@ void playmaker_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void playmaker_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void playmaker_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R10: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data >> 10 & 1);
@@ -13264,7 +13264,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -13279,7 +13279,7 @@ void dxfootb_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix((m_r & g1) | (m_r << 7 & g2), m_o);
 }
 
-void dxfootb_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void dxfootb_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R9,R10: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data >> 9 & 3);
@@ -13394,14 +13394,14 @@ public:
 	void copycat(machine_config &config);
 
 private:
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void copycat_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void copycat_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R3: leds
 	m_display->matrix(1, data & 0xf);
@@ -13518,13 +13518,13 @@ public:
 	void copycatm2(machine_config &config);
 
 private:
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void copycatm2_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void copycatm2_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R1-R4: leds
 	m_display->matrix(1, data >> 1 & 0xf);
@@ -13605,13 +13605,13 @@ public:
 	void ditto(machine_config &config);
 
 private:
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 };
 
 // handlers
 
-void ditto_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void ditto_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R3: leds
 	m_display->matrix(1, data & 0xf);
@@ -13696,7 +13696,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -13708,7 +13708,7 @@ void t7in1ss_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o);
 }
 
-void t7in1ss_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void t7in1ss_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R9: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data >> 9 & 1);
@@ -13858,7 +13858,7 @@ private:
 
 	void set_clock();
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -13902,7 +13902,7 @@ void tbreakup_state::expander_w(offs_t offset, u8 data)
 	m_exp_port[offset] = data;
 }
 
-void tbreakup_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void tbreakup_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R6: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data >> 6 & 1);
@@ -14043,7 +14043,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -14058,7 +14058,7 @@ void phpball_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix((m_r & 0x1ff) | in1, m_o);
 }
 
-void phpball_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void phpball_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R10: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data >> 10 & 1);
@@ -14160,7 +14160,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -14173,7 +14173,7 @@ void ssports4_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o | (m_r << 6 & 0x100));
 }
 
-void ssports4_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void ssports4_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R10: speaker out
 	m_speaker->level_w(data >> 10 & 1);
@@ -14310,7 +14310,7 @@ protected:
 private:
 	void update_halt();
 	void update_display();
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 	void write_o(u16 data);
 	u8 read_k();
 };
@@ -14335,7 +14335,7 @@ void xl25_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_r, m_o >> 1);
 }
 
-void xl25_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void xl25_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R9: input mux, led select
 	m_inp_mux = data;
diff --git a/src/mame/handheld/hh_tms1k.h b/src/mame/handheld/hh_tms1k.h
index 27a0e53f815..607aad7aa8e 100644
--- a/src/mame/handheld/hh_tms1k.h
+++ b/src/mame/handheld/hh_tms1k.h
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ protected:
 	output_finder<> m_out_power; // power state, eg. led
 
 	// misc common
-	u16 m_r = 0U;                        // MCU R-pins data
+	u32 m_r = 0U;                        // MCU R-pins data
 	u16 m_o = 0U;                        // MCU O-pins data
 	u32 m_inp_mux = 0U;                  // multiplexed inputs mask
 	bool m_power_on = false;
diff --git a/src/mame/handheld/tispeak.cpp b/src/mame/handheld/tispeak.cpp
index 45438023bf1..39a1d22b178 100644
--- a/src/mame/handheld/tispeak.cpp
+++ b/src/mame/handheld/tispeak.cpp
@@ -500,18 +500,18 @@ private:
 	u8 snspell_read_k();
 	void snmath_write_o(u16 data);
 	void snspell_write_o(u16 data);
-	void snspell_write_r(u16 data);
-	void lantrans_write_r(u16 data);
+	void snspell_write_r(u32 data);
+	void lantrans_write_r(u32 data);
 
 	u8 snspellc_read_k();
 	void snspellc_write_o(u16 data);
-	void snspellc_write_r(u16 data);
+	void snspellc_write_r(u32 data);
 	u8 tntell_read_k();
 
 	void k28_update_display(u8 old, u8 data);
 	u8 k28_read_k();
 	void k28_write_o(u16 data);
-	void k28_write_r(u16 data);
+	void k28_write_r(u32 data);
 
 	DECLARE_DEVICE_IMAGE_LOAD_MEMBER(cart_load);
 
@@ -620,7 +620,7 @@ void tispeak_state::update_display()
 	m_display->matrix(m_grid & gridmask, m_plate);
 }
 
-void tispeak_state::snspell_write_r(u16 data)
+void tispeak_state::snspell_write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R7: input mux and select digit (+R8 if the device has 9 digits)
 	// R15: filament on
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ void tispeak_state::snmath_write_o(u16 data)
 
 // lantrans specific
 
-void tispeak_state::lantrans_write_r(u16 data)
+void tispeak_state::lantrans_write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// same as default, except R13 is used for an extra digit
 	m_r = m_inp_mux = data;
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@ void tispeak_state::lantrans_write_r(u16 data)
 
 // snspellc specific
 
-void tispeak_state::snspellc_write_r(u16 data)
+void tispeak_state::snspellc_write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R8: input mux
 	m_inp_mux = data;
@@ -765,7 +765,7 @@ void tispeak_state::k28_update_display(u8 old, u8 data)
 	// ?
 }
 
-void tispeak_state::k28_write_r(u16 data)
+void tispeak_state::k28_write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R1234: TMS5100 CTL8421
 	u16 r = bitswap<5>(data,0,1,2,3,4) | (data & ~0x1f);
diff --git a/src/mame/handheld/tispellb.cpp b/src/mame/handheld/tispellb.cpp
index b6f1e83759b..4d9c1f7c9f9 100644
--- a/src/mame/handheld/tispellb.cpp
+++ b/src/mame/handheld/tispellb.cpp
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ private:
 
 	u8 main_read_k();
 	void main_write_o(u16 data);
-	void main_write_r(u16 data);
+	void main_write_r(u32 data);
 
 	u8 rev1_ctl_r();
 	void rev1_ctl_w(u8 data);
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ private:
 	void sub_write_r(u16 data);
 
 	void rev2_write_o(u16 data);
-	void rev2_write_r(u16 data);
+	void rev2_write_r(u32 data);
 
 	virtual void machine_start() override;
 };
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ void tispellb_state::main_write_o(u16 data)
 	update_display();
 }
 
-void tispellb_state::main_write_r(u16 data)
+void tispellb_state::main_write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R0-R6: input mux
 	// R0-R7: select digit
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ void tispellb_state::rev2_write_o(u16 data)
 	main_write_o(data & 0x6fff);
 }
 
-void tispellb_state::rev2_write_r(u16 data)
+void tispellb_state::rev2_write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R12: TMC0355 CS
 	// R4: TMC0355 M1
diff --git a/src/mame/miltonbradley/microvsn.cpp b/src/mame/miltonbradley/microvsn.cpp
index 1a8fc88f737..607ede73fd3 100644
--- a/src/mame/miltonbradley/microvsn.cpp
+++ b/src/mame/miltonbradley/microvsn.cpp
@@ -102,9 +102,9 @@ private:
 	// TMS1100 interface
 	u8 tms1100_k_r();
 	void tms1100_o_w(u16 data);
-	void tms1100_r_w(u16 data);
+	void tms1100_r_w(u32 data);
 
-	u16 m_r = 0;
+	u32 m_r = 0;
 
 	// Intel 8021 interface
 	u8 i8021_p0_r();
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ void microvision_state::tms1100_o_w(u16 data)
 	m_lcd->data_w(data & 0xf);
 }
 
-void microvision_state::tms1100_r_w(u16 data)
+void microvision_state::tms1100_r_w(u32 data)
 {
 	// R2: charge paddle capacitor when high
 	if (~m_r & data & 4 && m_paddle_on)
diff --git a/src/mame/misc/eva.cpp b/src/mame/misc/eva.cpp
index 7f2c9421912..e7117d39e6d 100644
--- a/src/mame/misc/eva.cpp
+++ b/src/mame/misc/eva.cpp
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ private:
 
 	u8 read_k();
 	void write_o(u16 data);
-	void write_r(u16 data);
+	void write_r(u32 data);
 };
 
 class eva24_state : public base_state
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ void eva24_state::write_d(u8 data)
 
 // EVA-11
 
-void eva11_state::write_r(u16 data)
+void eva11_state::write_r(u32 data)
 {
 	// R7: TMS5100 PDC pin
 	m_tms5100->pdc_w(data >> 7 & 1);