diff --git a/src/emu/cheat.c b/src/emu/cheat.c
index ebcdcc466b5..7c0c19ebdc4 100644
--- a/src/emu/cheat.c
+++ b/src/emu/cheat.c
@@ -1500,7 +1500,7 @@ void cheat_init(running_machine *machine)
 	InitStringTable();
 
 	periodic_timer = timer_alloc(cheat_periodic, NULL);
-	timer_adjust_periodic(periodic_timer, attotime_make(0, machine->screen[0].refresh), 0, attotime_make(0, machine->screen[0].refresh));
+	timer_adjust_periodic(periodic_timer, video_screen_get_frame_period(0), 0, video_screen_get_frame_period(0));
 
 	add_exit_callback(machine, cheat_exit);
 }
@@ -11403,7 +11403,7 @@ static void cheat_periodicAction(running_machine *machine, CheatAction * action)
 				/* ----- keep if one shot + restore prevous value + delay !=0 ----- */
 				cheat_periodicOperation(action);
 
-				if(action->frameTimer >= (parameter * ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(machine->screen[0].refresh)))
+				if(action->frameTimer >= (parameter * ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds)))
 				{
 					action->frameTimer = 0;
 
@@ -11415,7 +11415,7 @@ static void cheat_periodicAction(running_machine *machine, CheatAction * action)
 			else
 			{
 				/* ----- otherwise, delay ----- */
-				if(action->frameTimer >= (parameter * ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(machine->screen[0].refresh)))
+				if(action->frameTimer >= (parameter * ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds)))
 				{
 					action->frameTimer = 0;
 
@@ -11454,7 +11454,7 @@ static void cheat_periodicAction(running_machine *machine, CheatAction * action)
 
 				if(currentValue != action->lastValue)
 				{
-					action->frameTimer = parameter * ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(machine->screen[0].refresh);
+					action->frameTimer = parameter * ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds);
 
 					action->flags |= kActionFlag_WasModified;
 				}
diff --git a/src/emu/cpuexec.c b/src/emu/cpuexec.c
index 391cce2eaad..647d9f79327 100644
--- a/src/emu/cpuexec.c
+++ b/src/emu/cpuexec.c
@@ -951,7 +951,7 @@ static void cpu_inittimers(running_machine *machine)
 	ipf = machine->config->cpu_slices_per_frame;
 	if (ipf <= 0)
 		ipf = 1;
-	refresh_attosecs = (numscreens == 0) ? HZ_TO_ATTOSECONDS(60) : machine->screen[0].refresh;
+	refresh_attosecs = (numscreens == 0) ? HZ_TO_ATTOSECONDS(60) : video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds;
 	timeslice_period = attotime_make(0, refresh_attosecs / ipf);
 	timeslice_timer = timer_alloc(cpu_timeslicecallback, NULL);
 	timer_adjust_periodic(timeslice_timer, timeslice_period, 0, timeslice_period);
diff --git a/src/emu/profiler.c b/src/emu/profiler.c
index eb216a9acd4..ef113a56092 100644
--- a/src/emu/profiler.c
+++ b/src/emu/profiler.c
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ const char *profiler_get_text(void)
 		}
 		if (computed || showdelay[i])
 		{
-			if (computed) showdelay[i] = ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(Machine->screen[0].refresh);
+			if (computed) showdelay[i] = ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds);
 			showdelay[i]--;
 
 			if (i < PROFILER_PROFILER)
diff --git a/src/emu/sound/nes_apu.c b/src/emu/sound/nes_apu.c
index b81240be1b1..59d3dbe5575 100644
--- a/src/emu/sound/nes_apu.c
+++ b/src/emu/sound/nes_apu.c
@@ -677,9 +677,9 @@ static void *nesapu_start(int sndindex, int clock, const void *config)
 	memset(info, 0, sizeof(*info));
 
 	/* Initialize global variables */
-	info->samps_per_sync = rate / ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(Machine->screen[0].refresh);
+	info->samps_per_sync = rate / ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds);
 	info->buffer_size = info->samps_per_sync;
-	info->real_rate = info->samps_per_sync * ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(Machine->screen[0].refresh);
+	info->real_rate = info->samps_per_sync * ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds);
 	info->apu_incsize = (float) (clock / (float) info->real_rate);
 
 	/* Use initializer calls */
diff --git a/src/emu/ui.c b/src/emu/ui.c
index 95ef095ba38..adea62e9ece 100644
--- a/src/emu/ui.c
+++ b/src/emu/ui.c
@@ -1127,7 +1127,7 @@ int sprintf_game_info(char *buffer)
 						Machine->screen[index].visarea.max_x - Machine->screen[index].visarea.min_x + 1,
 						Machine->screen[index].visarea.max_y - Machine->screen[index].visarea.min_y + 1,
 						(Machine->gamedrv->flags & ORIENTATION_SWAP_XY) ? "V" : "H",
-						ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(Machine->screen[index].refresh));
+						ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds));
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1743,9 +1743,9 @@ static INT32 slider_refresh(running_machine *machine, INT32 newval, char *buffer
 	{
 		screen_state *state = &Machine->screen[arg];
 		video_screen_configure(arg, state->width, state->height, &state->visarea, HZ_TO_ATTOSECONDS(defrefresh + (double)newval * 0.001));
-		sprintf(buffer, "%s Refresh rate %.3f", slider_get_screen_desc(arg), ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(Machine->screen[arg].refresh));
+		sprintf(buffer, "%s Refresh rate %.3f", slider_get_screen_desc(arg), ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds));
 	}
-	refresh = ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(Machine->screen[arg].refresh);
+	refresh = ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds);
 	return floor((refresh - defrefresh) * 1000.0f + 0.5f);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/emu/video.c b/src/emu/video.c
index 88d49642e28..669479484b6 100644
--- a/src/emu/video.c
+++ b/src/emu/video.c
@@ -62,10 +62,11 @@ struct _internal_screen_state
 	INT32					last_partial_scan;		/* scanline of last partial update */
 
 	/* screen timing */
+	attoseconds_t			frame_period;			/* attoseconds per frame */
 	attoseconds_t			scantime;				/* attoseconds per scanline */
 	attoseconds_t			pixeltime;				/* attoseconds per pixel */
 	attoseconds_t 			vblank_period;			/* attoseconds per VBLANK period */
-	attotime 				vblank_time;			/* time of last VBLANK start */
+	attotime 				vblank_start_time;		/* time of last VBLANK start */
 	UINT8					vblank_state;			/* 1 = in VBLANK region, 0 = outside */
 	emu_timer *				vblank_begin_timer;		/* timer to signal VBLANK start */
 	emu_timer *				vblank_end_timer;		/* timer to signal VBLANK end */
@@ -354,7 +355,7 @@ void video_init(running_machine *machine)
 			render_container_set_yscale(container, config->yscale);
 
 		/* reset VBLANK timing */
-		internal_state->vblank_time = attotime_zero;
+		internal_state->vblank_start_time = attotime_zero;
 
 		/* allocate a timer to generate per-scanline updates */
 		if (machine->config->video_attributes & VIDEO_UPDATE_SCANLINE)
@@ -367,8 +368,8 @@ void video_init(running_machine *machine)
 		assert(strlen(device->tag) < 30);
 		state_save_combine_module_and_tag(unique_tag, "video_screen", device->tag);
 
-		state_save_register_item(unique_tag, 0, internal_state->vblank_time.seconds);
-		state_save_register_item(unique_tag, 0, internal_state->vblank_time.attoseconds);
+		state_save_register_item(unique_tag, 0, internal_state->vblank_start_time.seconds);
+		state_save_register_item(unique_tag, 0, internal_state->vblank_start_time.attoseconds);
 		state_save_register_item(unique_tag, 0, internal_state->frame_number);
 	}
 
@@ -434,15 +435,15 @@ static void video_exit(running_machine *machine)
 	/* free all the textures and bitmaps */
 	for (scrnum = 0; scrnum < MAX_SCREENS; scrnum++)
 	{
-		internal_screen_state *info = get_internal_state(machine, scrnum);
-		if (info->texture[0] != NULL)
-			render_texture_free(info->texture[0]);
-		if (info->texture[1] != NULL)
-			render_texture_free(info->texture[1]);
-		if (info->bitmap[0] != NULL)
-			bitmap_free(info->bitmap[0]);
-		if (info->bitmap[1] != NULL)
-			bitmap_free(info->bitmap[1]);
+		internal_screen_state *internal_state = get_internal_state(machine, scrnum);
+		if (internal_state->texture[0] != NULL)
+			render_texture_free(internal_state->texture[0]);
+		if (internal_state->texture[1] != NULL)
+			render_texture_free(internal_state->texture[1]);
+		if (internal_state->bitmap[0] != NULL)
+			bitmap_free(internal_state->bitmap[0]);
+		if (internal_state->bitmap[1] != NULL)
+			bitmap_free(internal_state->bitmap[1]);
 	}
 
 	/* free the snapshot target */
@@ -681,7 +682,7 @@ static void decode_graphics(running_machine *machine, const gfx_decode_entry *gf
     of a screen
 -------------------------------------------------*/
 
-void video_screen_configure(int scrnum, int width, int height, const rectangle *visarea, attoseconds_t refresh)
+void video_screen_configure(int scrnum, int width, int height, const rectangle *visarea, attoseconds_t frame_period)
 {
 	const screen_config *scrconfig = device_list_find_by_index(Machine->config->devicelist, VIDEO_SCREEN, scrnum)->inline_config;
 	screen_state *state = &Machine->screen[scrnum];
@@ -749,16 +750,16 @@ void video_screen_configure(int scrnum, int width, int height, const rectangle *
 	state->width = width;
 	state->height = height;
 	state->visarea = *visarea;
-	state->refresh = refresh;
 
 	/* compute timing parameters */
-	internal_state->scantime = refresh / height;
-	internal_state->pixeltime = refresh / (height * width);
+	internal_state->frame_period = frame_period;
+	internal_state->scantime = frame_period / height;
+	internal_state->pixeltime = frame_period / (height * width);
 
 	/* if there has been no VBLANK time specified in the MACHINE_DRIVER, compute it now
        from the visible area, otherwise just used the supplied value */
 	if ((scrconfig->vblank == 0) && !scrconfig->oldstyle_vblank_supplied)
-		internal_state->vblank_period = (state->refresh / state->height) * (state->height - (state->visarea.max_y + 1 - state->visarea.min_y));
+		internal_state->vblank_period = (frame_period / height) * (height - (visarea->max_y + 1 - visarea->min_y));
 	else
 		internal_state->vblank_period = scrconfig->vblank;
 
@@ -768,7 +769,7 @@ void video_screen_configure(int scrnum, int width, int height, const rectangle *
 		float minrefresh = render_get_max_update_rate();
 		if (minrefresh != 0)
 		{
-			UINT32 target_speed = floor(minrefresh * 100.0 / ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(refresh));
+			UINT32 target_speed = floor(minrefresh * 100.0 / ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(frame_period));
 			target_speed = MIN(target_speed, global.original_speed);
 			if (target_speed != global.speed)
 			{
@@ -798,6 +799,7 @@ void video_screen_configure(int scrnum, int width, int height, const rectangle *
 void video_screen_set_visarea(int scrnum, int min_x, int max_x, int min_y, int max_y)
 {
 	screen_state *state = &Machine->screen[scrnum];
+	internal_screen_state *internal_state = get_internal_state(Machine, scrnum);
 	rectangle visarea;
 
 	visarea.min_x = min_x;
@@ -805,7 +807,7 @@ void video_screen_set_visarea(int scrnum, int min_x, int max_x, int min_y, int m
 	visarea.min_y = min_y;
 	visarea.max_y = max_y;
 
-	video_screen_configure(scrnum, state->width, state->height, &visarea, state->refresh);
+	video_screen_configure(scrnum, state->width, state->height, &visarea, internal_state->frame_period);
 }
 
 
@@ -937,7 +939,7 @@ int video_screen_get_vpos(int scrnum)
 {
 	screen_state *state = &Machine->screen[scrnum];
 	internal_screen_state *internal_state = get_internal_state(Machine, scrnum);
-	attoseconds_t delta = attotime_to_attoseconds(attotime_sub(timer_get_time(), internal_state->vblank_time));
+	attoseconds_t delta = attotime_to_attoseconds(attotime_sub(timer_get_time(), internal_state->vblank_start_time));
 	int vpos;
 
 	/* round to the nearest pixel */
@@ -960,7 +962,7 @@ int video_screen_get_vpos(int scrnum)
 int video_screen_get_hpos(int scrnum)
 {
 	internal_screen_state *internal_state = get_internal_state(Machine, scrnum);
-	attoseconds_t delta = attotime_to_attoseconds(attotime_sub(timer_get_time(), internal_state->vblank_time));
+	attoseconds_t delta = attotime_to_attoseconds(attotime_sub(timer_get_time(), internal_state->vblank_start_time));
 	int vpos;
 
 	/* round to the nearest pixel */
@@ -1012,7 +1014,7 @@ attotime video_screen_get_time_until_pos(int scrnum, int vpos, int hpos)
 {
 	screen_state *state = &Machine->screen[scrnum];
 	internal_screen_state *internal_state = get_internal_state(Machine, scrnum);
-	attoseconds_t curdelta = attotime_to_attoseconds(attotime_sub(timer_get_time(), internal_state->vblank_time));
+	attoseconds_t curdelta = attotime_to_attoseconds(attotime_sub(timer_get_time(), internal_state->vblank_start_time));
 	attoseconds_t targetdelta;
 
 	/* since we measure time relative to VBLANK, compute the scanline offset from VBLANK */
@@ -1024,9 +1026,9 @@ attotime video_screen_get_time_until_pos(int scrnum, int vpos, int hpos)
 
 	/* if we're past that time (within 1/2 of a pixel), head to the next frame */
 	if (targetdelta <= curdelta + internal_state->pixeltime / 2)
-		targetdelta += state->refresh;
+		targetdelta += internal_state->frame_period;
 	while (targetdelta <= curdelta)
-		targetdelta += state->refresh;
+		targetdelta += internal_state->frame_period;
 
 	/* return the difference */
 	return attotime_make(0, targetdelta - curdelta);
@@ -1081,8 +1083,8 @@ attotime video_screen_get_time_until_update(int scrnum)
 
 attotime video_screen_get_scan_period(int scrnum)
 {
-	internal_screen_state *info = get_internal_state(Machine, scrnum);
-	return attotime_make(0, info->scantime);
+	internal_screen_state *internal_state = get_internal_state(Machine, scrnum);
+	return attotime_make(0, internal_state->scantime);
 }
 
 
@@ -1094,7 +1096,8 @@ attotime video_screen_get_scan_period(int scrnum)
 
 attotime video_screen_get_frame_period(int scrnum)
 {
-	return attotime_make(0, Machine->screen[scrnum].refresh);
+	internal_screen_state *internal_state = get_internal_state(Machine, scrnum);
+	return attotime_make(0, internal_state->frame_period);
 }
 
 
@@ -1106,8 +1109,8 @@ attotime video_screen_get_frame_period(int scrnum)
 
 UINT64 video_screen_get_frame_number(int scrnum)
 {
-	internal_screen_state *info = get_internal_state(Machine, scrnum);
-	return info->frame_number;
+	internal_screen_state *internal_state = get_internal_state(Machine, scrnum);
+	return internal_state->frame_number;
 }
 
 
@@ -1254,7 +1257,7 @@ static TIMER_CALLBACK( vblank_begin_callback )
 	internal_screen_state *internal_state = (internal_screen_state *)state->private_data;
 
 	/* reset the starting VBLANK time */
-	internal_state->vblank_time = timer_get_time();
+	internal_state->vblank_start_time = timer_get_time();
 
 	/* mark as being in VBLANK */
 	internal_state->vblank_state = TRUE;
@@ -1273,7 +1276,7 @@ static TIMER_CALLBACK( vblank_begin_callback )
 		video_frame_update(machine, FALSE);
 
 	/* reset the timers */
-	timer_adjust_oneshot(internal_state->vblank_begin_timer, attotime_make(0, state->refresh), 0);
+	timer_adjust_oneshot(internal_state->vblank_begin_timer, attotime_make(0, internal_state->frame_period), 0);
 	timer_adjust_oneshot(internal_state->vblank_end_timer, attotime_make(0, internal_state->vblank_period), 0);
 }
 
@@ -2186,7 +2189,6 @@ void video_movie_end_recording(running_machine *machine, int scrnum)
 
 static void movie_record_frame(running_machine *machine, int scrnum)
 {
-	screen_state *state = &machine->screen[scrnum];
 	internal_screen_state *internal_state = get_internal_state(machine, scrnum);
 	const rgb_t *palette;
 
@@ -2213,7 +2215,7 @@ static void movie_record_frame(running_machine *machine, int scrnum)
 			png_add_text(&pnginfo, "System", text);
 
 			/* start the capture */
-			error = mng_capture_start(mame_core_file(internal_state->movie_file), global.snap_bitmap, ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(state->refresh));
+			error = mng_capture_start(mame_core_file(internal_state->movie_file), global.snap_bitmap, ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(internal_state->frame_period));
 			if (error != PNGERR_NONE)
 			{
 				png_free(&pnginfo);
diff --git a/src/emu/video.h b/src/emu/video.h
index e244c390d92..2688c27bedc 100644
--- a/src/emu/video.h
+++ b/src/emu/video.h
@@ -66,7 +66,6 @@ struct _screen_state
 {
 	int				width, height;				/* current total width/height (HTOTAL, VTOTAL) */
 	rectangle		visarea;					/* current visible area (HBLANK end/start, VBLANK end/start) */
-	attoseconds_t	refresh;					/* current refresh period */
 	bitmap_format	format;						/* bitmap format (a copy of screen_config) */
 	void *			private_data;				/* pointer to the private data structure */
 };
diff --git a/src/emu/video/generic.c b/src/emu/video/generic.c
index 38f92718484..082c2ac6e17 100644
--- a/src/emu/video/generic.c
+++ b/src/emu/video/generic.c
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ static void updateflip(void)
 		visarea.max_y = temp;
 	}
 
-	video_screen_configure(0, state->width, state->height, &visarea, state->refresh);
+	video_screen_configure(0, state->width, state->height, &visarea, video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds);
 }
 
 
diff --git a/src/emu/video/tms9928a.c b/src/emu/video/tms9928a.c
index 6a73c613e8f..c1fb5ca0969 100644
--- a/src/emu/video/tms9928a.c
+++ b/src/emu/video/tms9928a.c
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ static void TMS9928A_start (running_machine *machine, const TMS9928a_interface *
 
 	/* configure the screen if we weren't overridden */
 	if (machine->screen[0].width == LEFT_BORDER+32*8+RIGHT_BORDER && machine->screen[0].height == TOP_BORDER_60HZ+24*8+BOTTOM_BORDER_60HZ)
-		video_screen_configure(0, LEFT_BORDER + 32*8 + RIGHT_BORDER, tms.top_border + 24*8 + tms.bottom_border, &tms.visarea, machine->screen[0].refresh);
+		video_screen_configure(0, LEFT_BORDER + 32*8 + RIGHT_BORDER, tms.top_border + 24*8 + tms.bottom_border, &tms.visarea, video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds);
 
     /* Video RAM */
     tms.vramsize = intf->vram;
diff --git a/src/emu/video/voodoo.c b/src/emu/video/voodoo.c
index c4dc218a8c5..825be009882 100644
--- a/src/emu/video/voodoo.c
+++ b/src/emu/video/voodoo.c
@@ -2610,7 +2610,7 @@ static INT32 register_w(voodoo_state *v, offs_t offset, UINT32 data)
 					int vvis = (v->reg[videoDimensions].u >> 16) & 0x3ff;
 					int hbp = (v->reg[backPorch].u & 0xff) + 2;
 					int vbp = (v->reg[backPorch].u >> 16) & 0xff;
-					screen_state *state = &Machine->screen[v->scrnum];
+					attoseconds_t refresh = video_screen_get_frame_period(v->scrnum).attoseconds;
 					attoseconds_t stdperiod, medperiod, vgaperiod;
 					attoseconds_t stddiff, meddiff, vgadiff;
 					rectangle visarea;
@@ -2631,11 +2631,11 @@ static INT32 register_w(voodoo_state *v, offs_t offset, UINT32 data)
 					vgaperiod = HZ_TO_ATTOSECONDS(31500) * vtotal;
 
 					/* compute a diff against the current refresh period */
-					stddiff = stdperiod - state->refresh;
+					stddiff = stdperiod - refresh;
 					if (stddiff < 0) stddiff = -stddiff;
-					meddiff = medperiod - state->refresh;
+					meddiff = medperiod - refresh;
 					if (meddiff < 0) meddiff = -meddiff;
-					vgadiff = vgaperiod - state->refresh;
+					vgadiff = vgaperiod - refresh;
 					if (vgadiff < 0) vgadiff = -vgadiff;
 
 					mame_printf_debug("hSync=%08X  vSync=%08X  backPorch=%08X  videoDimensions=%08X\n",
diff --git a/src/mame/audio/cchasm.c b/src/mame/audio/cchasm.c
index c78ab25685a..27d84ad55dd 100644
--- a/src/mame/audio/cchasm.c
+++ b/src/mame/audio/cchasm.c
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ SOUND_START( cchasm )
 	ctc_intf.baseclock = cpunum_get_clock(1);
 	z80ctc_init (0, &ctc_intf);
 
-	timer_pulse(attotime_make(0, machine->screen[0].refresh), NULL, 0, cchasm_sh_update);
+	timer_pulse(video_screen_get_frame_period(0), NULL, 0, cchasm_sh_update);
 }
 
 
diff --git a/src/mame/audio/galaxian.c b/src/mame/audio/galaxian.c
index 1412b4e5579..985aedae6be 100644
--- a/src/mame/audio/galaxian.c
+++ b/src/mame/audio/galaxian.c
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ static void galaxian_sh_start(void)
 
 	lfotimer = timer_alloc(lfo_timer_cb, NULL);
 
-	timer_pulse(attotime_make(0, Machine->screen[0].refresh), NULL, 0, galaxian_sh_update);
+	timer_pulse(video_screen_get_frame_period(0), NULL, 0, galaxian_sh_update);
 
 	state_save_register_global(freq);
 	state_save_register_global(noise_enable);
diff --git a/src/mame/audio/senjyo.c b/src/mame/audio/senjyo.c
index 38a006eed71..b17f5db9d05 100644
--- a/src/mame/audio/senjyo.c
+++ b/src/mame/audio/senjyo.c
@@ -84,5 +84,5 @@ void senjyo_sh_start(void)
 	sample_set_volume(0,0);
 	sample_start_raw(0,_single,SINGLE_LENGTH,single_rate,1);
 
-	timer_pulse(attotime_make(0, Machine->screen[0].refresh), NULL, 0, senjyo_sh_update);
+	timer_pulse(video_screen_get_frame_period(0), NULL, 0, senjyo_sh_update);
 }
diff --git a/src/mame/drivers/cps3.c b/src/mame/drivers/cps3.c
index 0413298f53e..51918f5e3e1 100644
--- a/src/mame/drivers/cps3.c
+++ b/src/mame/drivers/cps3.c
@@ -1054,7 +1054,7 @@ static VIDEO_UPDATE(cps3)
 			cps3_screenwidth = 496;
 			visarea.min_x = 0; visarea.max_x = 496-1;
 			visarea.min_y = 0; visarea.max_y = 224-1;
-			video_screen_configure(0, 496, 224, &visarea, state->refresh );
+			video_screen_configure(0, 496, 224, &visarea, video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds);
 		}
 	}
 	else
@@ -1066,7 +1066,7 @@ static VIDEO_UPDATE(cps3)
 			cps3_screenwidth = 384;
 			visarea.min_x = 0; visarea.max_x = 384-1;
 			visarea.min_y = 0; visarea.max_y = 224-1;
-			video_screen_configure(0, 384, 224, &visarea, state->refresh );
+			video_screen_configure(0, 384, 224, &visarea, video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds);
 		}
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/mame/drivers/filetto.c b/src/mame/drivers/filetto.c
index cfbc193bd79..ab43b68b7d8 100644
--- a/src/mame/drivers/filetto.c
+++ b/src/mame/drivers/filetto.c
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ AH
 	visarea.max_x = _x_-1; \
 	visarea.min_y = 0; \
 	visarea.max_y = _y_-1; \
-	video_screen_configure(0, _x_, _y_, &visarea, state->refresh ); \
+	video_screen_configure(0, _x_, _y_, &visarea, video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds ); \
 	} \
 
 
diff --git a/src/mame/drivers/firebeat.c b/src/mame/drivers/firebeat.c
index 34750928557..1e77edadf4c 100644
--- a/src/mame/drivers/firebeat.c
+++ b/src/mame/drivers/firebeat.c
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@ static void GCU_w(int chip, UINT32 offset, UINT32 data, UINT32 mem_mask)
 
 				// only try and update the screen if the driver says we have one
 				if (screen < numscreens)
-					video_screen_configure(screen, visarea.max_x + 1, visarea.max_y + 1, &visarea, Machine->screen[screen].refresh);
+					video_screen_configure(screen, visarea.max_x + 1, visarea.max_y + 1, &visarea, video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds);
 			}
 			break;
 		}
diff --git a/src/mame/drivers/legionna.c b/src/mame/drivers/legionna.c
index 5381fb68592..e6e0e9cfa63 100644
--- a/src/mame/drivers/legionna.c
+++ b/src/mame/drivers/legionna.c
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ static UINT32 hit_check_x,hit_check_y;
 	visarea.max_x = _x_-1; \
 	visarea.min_y = 0; \
 	visarea.max_y = _y_-1; \
-	video_screen_configure(0, _x_, _y_, &visarea, state->refresh ); \
+	video_screen_configure(0, _x_, _y_, &visarea, video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds ); \
 	flip_screen_set(_flip_); \
 	} \
 
diff --git a/src/mame/drivers/mediagx.c b/src/mame/drivers/mediagx.c
index 3d8488a7479..db990d9c58e 100644
--- a/src/mame/drivers/mediagx.c
+++ b/src/mame/drivers/mediagx.c
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ static void draw_framebuffer(running_machine *machine, bitmap_t *bitmap, const r
 		visarea.min_x = visarea.min_y = 0;
 		visarea.max_x = width - 1;
 		visarea.max_y = height - 1;
-		video_screen_configure(0, width, height * 262 / 240, &visarea, machine->screen[0].refresh);
+		video_screen_configure(0, width, height * 262 / 240, &visarea, video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds);
 	}
 
 	if (disp_ctrl_reg[DC_OUTPUT_CFG] & 0x1)		// 8-bit mode
diff --git a/src/mame/machine/n64.c b/src/mame/machine/n64.c
index 367365f47f3..dc8194e09ce 100644
--- a/src/mame/machine/n64.c
+++ b/src/mame/machine/n64.c
@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ WRITE32_HANDLER( n64_vi_reg_w )
 				screen_state *state = &Machine->screen[0];
 				rectangle visarea = state->visarea;
 				visarea.max_y = (data & 0x40) ? 479 : 239;
-				video_screen_configure(0, state->width, visarea.max_y + 1, &visarea, Machine->screen[0].refresh);
+				video_screen_configure(0, state->width, visarea.max_y + 1, &visarea, video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds);
 			}
             n64_vi_control = data;
 			break;
@@ -647,7 +647,7 @@ WRITE32_HANDLER( n64_vi_reg_w )
 				screen_state *state = &Machine->screen[0];
 				rectangle visarea = state->visarea;
 				visarea.max_x = data-1;
-				video_screen_configure(0, visarea.max_x + 1, state->height, &visarea, Machine->screen[0].refresh);
+				video_screen_configure(0, visarea.max_x + 1, state->height, &visarea, video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds);
 			}
             n64_vi_width = data;
 		    fb_width = data;
diff --git a/src/mame/machine/snes.c b/src/mame/machine/snes.c
index ac47b2c281e..6f34db95c97 100644
--- a/src/mame/machine/snes.c
+++ b/src/mame/machine/snes.c
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ static void snes_init_ram(running_machine *machine)
 	has_dsp1 = ((snes_r_bank1(machine,0xffd6) >= 3) && (snes_r_bank1(machine,0xffd6) <= 5)) ? 1 : 0;
 
 	// init frame counter so first line is 0
-	if( ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(Machine->screen[0].refresh) >= 59 )
+	if( ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds) >= 59 )
 	{
 		snes_ppu.beam.current_vert = SNES_VTOTAL_NTSC;
 	}
@@ -379,9 +379,9 @@ MACHINE_RESET( snes )
 	snes_init_ram(machine);
 
 	/* Set STAT78 to NTSC or PAL */
-	if( ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(machine->screen[0].refresh) >= 59.0f )
+	if( ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds) >= 59.0f )
 		snes_ram[STAT78] = SNES_NTSC;
-	else /* if( machine->screen[0].refresh == 50 ) */
+	else /* if( ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds) == 50.0f ) */
 		snes_ram[STAT78] = SNES_PAL;
 
 	// reset does this to these registers
@@ -1110,11 +1110,11 @@ WRITE8_HANDLER( snes_w_io )
 
 				if ((snes_ram[STAT78] & 0x10) == SNES_NTSC)
 				{
-					video_screen_configure(0, SNES_HTOTAL*snes_htmult, SNES_VTOTAL_NTSC, &visarea, Machine->screen[0].refresh);
+					video_screen_configure(0, SNES_HTOTAL*snes_htmult, SNES_VTOTAL_NTSC, &visarea, video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					video_screen_configure(0, SNES_HTOTAL*snes_htmult, SNES_VTOTAL_PAL, &visarea, Machine->screen[0].refresh);
+					video_screen_configure(0, SNES_HTOTAL*snes_htmult, SNES_VTOTAL_PAL, &visarea, video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds);
 				}
 			}
 
diff --git a/src/mame/video/fromance.c b/src/mame/video/fromance.c
index b2c10541492..3470c662873 100644
--- a/src/mame/video/fromance.c
+++ b/src/mame/video/fromance.c
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ static TIMER_CALLBACK( crtc_interrupt_gen )
 {
 	cpunum_set_input_line(machine, 1, 0, HOLD_LINE);
 	if (param != 0)
-		timer_adjust_periodic(crtc_timer, attotime_make(0, machine->screen[0].refresh / param), 0, attotime_make(0, machine->screen[0].refresh / param));
+		timer_adjust_periodic(crtc_timer, attotime_div(video_screen_get_frame_period(0), param), 0, attotime_div(video_screen_get_frame_period(0), param));
 }
 
 
diff --git a/src/mame/video/genesis.c b/src/mame/video/genesis.c
index 6d26bccd232..2c3d03035b2 100644
--- a/src/mame/video/genesis.c
+++ b/src/mame/video/genesis.c
@@ -672,10 +672,11 @@ static void vdp_register_w(int data, int vblank)
 			{
 				screen_state *state = &Machine->screen[genesis_screen_number];
 				rectangle visarea = state->visarea;
+				attoseconds_t refresh = video_screen_get_frame_period(genesis_screen_number).attoseconds;
 
 				/* this gets called from the init! */
 				visarea.max_x = scrwidth*8-1;
-				video_screen_configure(genesis_screen_number, scrwidth*8, state->height, &visarea, state->refresh);
+				video_screen_configure(genesis_screen_number, scrwidth*8, state->height, &visarea, refresh);
 			}
 			break;
 
diff --git a/src/mame/video/gtia.c b/src/mame/video/gtia.c
index 1ad0fa70f62..b4a4228206d 100644
--- a/src/mame/video/gtia.c
+++ b/src/mame/video/gtia.c
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ static void gtia_state(void)
 
 static int is_ntsc(void)
 {
-	return ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(Machine->screen[0].refresh) > 55;
+	return ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds) > 55;
 }
 
 
diff --git a/src/mame/video/rpunch.c b/src/mame/video/rpunch.c
index 8ebdb9d4f72..0e9155b8bc9 100644
--- a/src/mame/video/rpunch.c
+++ b/src/mame/video/rpunch.c
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ static TIMER_CALLBACK( crtc_interrupt_gen )
 {
 	cpunum_set_input_line(machine, 0, 1, HOLD_LINE);
 	if (param != 0)
-		timer_adjust_periodic(crtc_timer, attotime_make(0, machine->screen[0].refresh / param), 0, attotime_make(0, machine->screen[0].refresh / param));
+		timer_adjust_periodic(crtc_timer, attotime_div(video_screen_get_frame_period(0), param), 0, attotime_div(video_screen_get_frame_period(0), param));
 }
 
 
diff --git a/src/osd/windows/drawd3d.c b/src/osd/windows/drawd3d.c
index c4bd7db07cf..11145e2b2bb 100644
--- a/src/osd/windows/drawd3d.c
+++ b/src/osd/windows/drawd3d.c
@@ -1238,7 +1238,7 @@ static int get_adapter_for_monitor(d3d_info *d3d, win_monitor_info *monitor)
 
 static void pick_best_mode(win_window_info *window)
 {
-	double target_refresh = ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(Machine->screen[0].refresh);
+	double target_refresh = ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds);
 	INT32 target_width, target_height;
 	d3d_info *d3d = window->drawdata;
 	INT32 minwidth, minheight;
diff --git a/src/osd/windows/drawdd.c b/src/osd/windows/drawdd.c
index 7ff6352b232..53bc572fe68 100644
--- a/src/osd/windows/drawdd.c
+++ b/src/osd/windows/drawdd.c
@@ -1304,7 +1304,7 @@ static void pick_best_mode(win_window_info *window)
 	// use those as the target for now
 	einfo.target_width = einfo.minimum_width * MAX(1, video_config.prescale);
 	einfo.target_height = einfo.minimum_height * MAX(1, video_config.prescale);
-	einfo.target_refresh = ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(Machine->screen[0].refresh);
+	einfo.target_refresh = ATTOSECONDS_TO_HZ(video_screen_get_frame_period(0).attoseconds);
 
 	// if we're not stretching, allow some slop on the minimum since we can handle it
 	if (!video_config.hwstretch)